How do programmers typically find exceptions and run-time errors?

Programmers typically find exceptions and run-time errors by running the program with a variety of input values. This practice, known as dynamic testing, allows developers to observe how their code behaves in different scenarios and input conditions. By varying the input values, they can uncover edge cases and potential pitfalls that may not have been initially apparent during the coding process.

When different scenarios are tested, it becomes easier to identify situations that may lead to exceptions or errors—that is, the program not handling input in the way it was intended or crashing due to unforeseen circumstances. This process is crucial because it helps ensure that the program is robust and can handle unexpected situations gracefully.

Other methods, while helpful, do not provide the same level of insight into run-time behavior. For instance, thorough code reading can help improve program logic and structure but may not necessarily reveal how the code behaves under different inputs. Testing with a limited set of inputs may miss cases that expose vulnerabilities or errors. Using automated tools can aid in detecting potential issues, but ultimately, real-world testing with diverse inputs is essential for identifying run-time exceptions effectively.